Clinical Signs

The clinical signs of acute EIA are often nonspecific.
In some cases in horses, the only sign is a fever, which is
sometimes accompanied by transient inappetence. In mild
cases, the fever can last less than 24 hours. More severely
affected horses can become weak, depressed and
inappetent, with additional signs that may include jaundice,
tachypnea, tachycardia, ventral pitting edema,
thrombocytopenia, petechiae on the mucus membranes,
epistaxis or blood–stained feces. Anemia can occur,
although it is more likely to be severe in chronically
infected animals. Occasionally, horses become gravely ill
and may die during the acute stage. After the initial bout,
most horses become asymptomatic carriers; however, some
animals develop recurring clinical signs that vary from mild
illness and failure to thrive to fever, depression, petechial
hemorrhages on the mucus membranes, weight loss, anemia
and dependent edema. Inapparent infections may become
symptomatic during concurrent illnesses, severe stress or
hard work. Death is possible during these febrile episodes.
Ophthalmic lesions, characterized by depigmentation with
prominent choroidal vessels, have been reported in
chronically infected horses.
Donkeys and mules are less likely to develop severe
clinical signs. Mules can be infected asymptomatically, but
typical EIA signs have been reported in some naturally or
experimentally infected animals. In a recent experiment,
donkeys inoculated with two horse-adapted strains became
infected but remained asymptomatic. Donkeys inoculated
with a serially-passaged, donkey-adapted strain in China are
reported to have developed clinical signs.
Post Mortem Lesions
The spleen, liver and abdominal lymph nodes may be
enlarged, and the mucous membranes can be pale. In
chronic cases, emaciation may also be noted. Edema is
often found in the limbs and along the ventral abdominal
wall. Petechiae may be observed on internal organs,
including the spleen and kidney. Mucosal and visceral
hemorrhages and blood vessel thrombosis have also been
reported. Chronically infected horses that die between
clinical episodes usually have no gross lesions, but some
animals may have proliferative glomerulonephritis or ocular
lesions.
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